Sep 5, 2019 · Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers; Advertising & Talent Reach devs & technologists worldwide about your product, service or employer brand Configuring jsonschema for custom referencing behavior is essentially a two step process: Create a referencing. You cannot apply a new schema to already created dataframe. arunppsg. Project description. But the process is complex as you have to create schema for it Nov 5, 2020 · I am new to AVRO and Python. textFile("fixed_width. 3) Apply the generated schema into your dataframe. I have stored my schema in . options to control parsing. (I suppose, alternatively, you can reset the index of the file). The csv and json modules are part of Python’s standard library and make a light-weight solution for CSV to JSON schema conversion. import io. text = json_file. _. json. By file-like object, we refer to objects with a read() method, such as a file handle (e. If you use a schema file, do not give it an extension. Add the dictionary to the Python List created in step 1. import json import boto3 import sys import logging # logging logger = logging. You can configure how the reader interprets JSON files in your format_options. To import JSON to BigQuery via API, you’ll need to install the BigQuery Python library. json'); To load data into an existing table from a query, use INSERT INTO from a SELECT statement May 16, 2024 · To read a JSON file into a PySpark DataFrame, initialize a SparkSession and use spark. validate({"prop":"12d34"}) print "Failed to reject object". Please read the format validation documentation Load a CSV file with autodetect schema; Load a DataFrame to BigQuery with pandas-gbq; Load a JSON file; Load a JSON file to replace a table; Load a JSON file with autodetect schema; Load a Parquet file; Load a Parquet to replace a table; Load a table in JSON format; Load an Avro file; Load an Avro file to replace a table; Load an ORC file; Load Jul 16, 2010 · jsonschema - a validator for json files against json-schema files, being wrapped to support validating yaml files against json-schema files in yaml-format as well. to_json()) == lidatong. Jun 20, 2024 · Keys must match the table schema fields and values must be JSON-compatible representations. PyCharm helps you work with JSON files — it checks their syntax and formatting. The json. The issue here is that JSON, as a format, is generally parsed in full and then handled in-memory, which for such a large amount of data is clearly problematic. json') as file_obj: json_schema = json. Run the following command: pip install google-cloud-bigquery Serialize an object to native Python data types according to this Schema's fields. loads(). load is for files; . Beware that . For this example, use the create_dynamic_frame. validate({"prop":"1234"}) print "Properly accepted object". Registry object that behaves the way you wish. 0. 0 and 1. Within your file, the \n is properly encoded as a newline character and does not appear in the string as two characters, but as the correct blank character you know. json_normalize(one) schema=pd. from apache_beam. This gets a dictionary in JSON format from a webpage with Python 2. answered Dec 19, 2023 at 11:58. The conversion of JSON objects to Python objects is called deserialization. JSON file) into a collection of Python classes using the Marshmallow module. Jan 9, 2023 · How can I load a YAML file and convert it to a Python JSON object? My YAML file looks like this: Section: heading: Heading 1 font: name: Times New Roman size: 22 color_theme: ACCENT_2 SubSection: heading: Heading 3 font: name: Times New Roman size: 15 color_theme: ACCENT_2 Paragraph: font: name: Times New Roman size: 11 color_theme: ACCENT_2 Table: style: MediumGrid3-Accent2 Dec 7, 2021 · I need to create a function that validates incoming json data and returns a python dict. Similarly, Pandas can read a JSON file (either a local file or from the internet), simply by passing the path (or URL) into the pd. You do not need with use the open file method this way. Oct 26, 2021 · loading a test JSON (that does not contain all columns that can be expected) into a dataframe; writing its schema into a JSON file; Opening this JSON file in a text-editor and adding the missing columns manually; Next thing I want to do is creating a new schema by reading the JSON file into my code, but I struggle with the synthax. gcp. Mar 9, 2019 · json — JSON encoder and decoder ¶. from_options method. xsd PurchaseOrder. py. I would like to create a postgres schema from the file so that would allow me to store the network structure in a postgres db. json') as f: d = json. loader = DirectoryLoader(DRIVE_FOLDER, glob='**/*. to_json('new_file. map then convert to dataframe using the schema. The examples below essentially follow these two steps. jsonpath-ng - an implementation of JSONPath for python, being wrapped to support JSONPath selection directly on yaml files. But within a string, if you don't double escape the \\n then the loader thinks it is a control Jul 31, 2022 · A JSON schema itself is a valid JSON document with key/value pairs. Jul 8, 2024 · They can be used when installing in order to include additional dependencies, e. A schema is similar to the table definition in a SQL database and defines the data types of the fields in a JSON. , dictionary keys or list indices). types import StructType, StructField, StringType. Dec 8, 2021 · When we convert JSON encoded/formatted data into Python Types we call it a JSON deserialization or parsing. For instance, a JSON array is equivalent to a list in Python. If I try to use a normal python3 read, the file can't be found. 0: Supports Spark Connect. I have a use case where I want to convert the JSON file into an Avro file. Jan 12, 2022 · 2. My searches online seem to be related to storing json in a field but not breaking down the json in to a tabular structure. StringIO(data Oct 8, 2020 · There are a couple of things we've defined: Passing in a dict indicates that valid data will be in a dict (remember that the yaml library returns parsed YAML as a dict type); We require a top-level key in the dict to be named api Mar 1, 2024 · Method 2: Using csv and json Modules. INFO) VERSION = 1. . While it is not a very efficient format for tabular data, it is very commonly used, especially as a data interchange format. write('myxml. The following AWS Glue ETL script shows the process of reading JSON files or folders from S3: Python. note:: If your data is already a newline-delimited JSON string, it is best to wrap it into a file-like object and pass it to load_table_from_file:: import io from google. May 13, 2020 · Easier way would be read the fixed width file using . load() and convert it into Python dict so we can access JSON data in our system. load (file_obj) pythonでデータのチェックをする 読み込んだjsonスキーマファイルのdictとサンプルのdictをjsonschemaライブラリに読み込ませることでサンプルデータ(item)のチェックを行います。 Mar 27, 2024 · 1. dumps(). They can be used when installing in order to include additional dependencies, e. I also can't read the json, directly as json. In case you are using pandas and you will be interested in loading the json file as a dataframe, you can use: import pandas as pd. read_text()) This works fine with modern versions of Python 3. loads() method, which is used for string arguments only. schema = StructType([. yield from (f'. For details, see JSON Configuration Reference. the schema can then be transformed into a bigquery. My question is, Is Json Schema a valid json object which can be loaded from a file using json. {key}'. Use json. This is often seen in computer logs, where there is some plain-text meta-data followed by more detail in a JSON string. Add a header column name and ensure the JSON is compact (1 line per record). load() method (without "s" in "load") can read a file directly: import json with open('strings. This method is simple and does not depend on third-party packages, which is beneficial when working with basic Python installs. schema: A STRING expression or invocation of schema_of_json function. The code is a slightly more concise and you can easily check if the file exists, before you actually try to parse the YAML file. load() >>> schema = { "type" : "object" , Jan 13, 2023 · Encoding JSON data with Python’s json. The syntax for the load () is given below: May 14, 2021 · Note: Use json. ElementTree import ElementTree # create XML from json, starting from known schema file sch = 'schema_file. json file that defines database schema. read_json() function. dumps is just as easy as decoding. from_dict (fields, *[, name]) Generate a Schema class given a dictionary of fields. Deprecated since version 2. This is not the Python equivalent of the Java Genson library. Could you provide some kind of snippets or examples that give me answers? 121. getLogger() logger. io. Jul 14, 2023 · In Python, the JSON Schema library can be used to validate a JSON document against a schema. Load(reader); // validate JSON. Reading JSON data in Python means converting JSON objects to Python objects. Read the lines of CSV file using csv. Please read the format validation documentation for May 26, 2024 · The JSON format is commonly used for storing data and for configuration files. read. GenSON is a powerful, user-friendly JSON Schema generator built in Python. accepts the same options as the JSON datasource. using (JsonTextReader reader = new JsonTextReader(file)) JSchema schema = JSchema. ¶. The following example shows a source CSV, the JSON Schema and the expected output. The file is very large with many nested dictionaries. from_json(lidatong. schema must be defined as comma-separated column name and data type pairs as used Aug 19, 2018 · SCHEMA: a valid schema. If no such schema is given as input, completely default values are taken. Oct 10, 2008 · This converter is written in Python and will convert one or more XML files into JSON / JSONL files. Validate JSON Object from the command line before writing it in a file. options: An optional MAP<STRING,STRING> literal specifying directives. TableSchema with this snippet. read_json(json. : $ pip install jsonschema '[format]'. Below is a JSON data present in a text file, We can easily read this file with a read. 6 days ago · Specifying a JSON schema file. sql. You can specify a GraphQL endpoint, local introspection JSON file, code file that exports a GraphQLSchema, AST string and . Each key in the dictionary corresponds to a property in the JSON object, and the values define the constraints for that property. Mar 23, 2020 · json. If we want to read that file, we first need to use Python's built in open() function with the mode of read. JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is an open standard file format and data interchange format that uses human-readable text to store and transmit data objects consisting of attribute–value pairs and arrays (or other serializable values). print "Properly rejected object". Mar 21, 2018 · Json strings as separate lines in a file (sqlContext only) If you have json strings as separate lines in a file then you can just use sqlContext only. W3Schools offers free online tutorials, references and exercises in all the major languages of the web. This is an easy method with a well-known library you may already be familiar with. I'm having issues trying to specify the schema which is in the same bucket as a text file. Dillion Megida. textFile (results an rdd) then apply transformations using . When we send JSON response to a client or when we write JSON data to file we need to make sure Sep 8, 2011 · The JSON data can provide a skeleton for the JSON schema. You can also use the --autodetect flag instead of supplying a schema definition. loads is for strings. This is useful when loading a schema from a stream, such as loading from a file using a FileStream. My schema file is a txt file with the format Attribute:DataType,Attribute:DataType. Now I want to put the JSON file and . >>> from jsonschema import validate >>> # A sample schema, like what we'd get from json. withColumn("column_name", $"column_name". Some data superficially looks like JSON, but is not JSON. schema_of_json. setLevel(logging. Based on reading over the documentation again, it appears you need to either change the third line to. json("json_file. Feb 7, 2022 · How to parse and read a JSON file in Python. sparkContext. This is what I have StructType provides json and jsonValue methods which can be used to obtain json and dict representation respectively and fromJson which can be used to convert Python dictionary to StructType. load() method instead of json. Occasionally, a JSON document is intended to represent tabular data. Aug 8, 2017 · 25. User CSV. request import urlopen except ImportError: # Fall back to Python 2's urllib2 from urllib2 import urlopen import json def get_jsonparsed_data(url): """ Receive the content of ``url``, parse it as JSON and return the object. dumps({. A JSON schema file consists of a JSON array that contains the following: The column's name; The column's data type; Optional: The column's mode (if unspecified, mode defaults to NULLABLE) Jul 29, 2015 · A, resolver=resolver) validator. It also defines which fields are required and which are optional. StructField("TICKET", StringType(), True), Nov 30, 2014 · GenSON. PathLike. schema() # from_json is a bit more "simple", it directly applies the schema to the string. Access the data : Use standard Python techniques to access the data (e. Registry to your Validator when instantiating it. "type": "object", Oct 14, 2021 · Please validate it. Bundling. May 17, 2023 · 15. Client() bucket = client. load() to parse the JSON data into Python objects. avsc format and the JSON data in . Covering popular subjects like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python, SQL, Java, and many, many more. Pick whichever approach suits your taste. Oct 15, 2023 · To read data from a JSON file, we can use the load () method. If you have something like this and are trying to use it with Pandas, see Python - How to convert JSON File to Dataframe. 0 s3 = boto3. Feb 12, 2018 · 23. In the code block below, I have saved the URL to the same JSON file hosted on my Github. However, you can change the schema of each column by casting to another datatype as below. A text file containing various fields (columns) of data, one of which is a JSON object. It requires a XSD schema file to figure out nested json structures (dictionaries vs lists) and json equivalent data types. The schema can be a local JSON file, or it can be typed inline as part of the command. Keys and values are separated by a colon. Each key has a special meaning and is used to define the schema of some JSON data. json. dumps (obj, *args[, many]) Same as dump(), except return a JSON-encoded string. cast("new_datatype")) If you need to apply a new schema, you need to convert to RDD and create a new dataframe again as below. StructField("domain", StringType(), True), StructField("timestamp", LongType(), True), ]) I just created this small project to generate code classes from json schema, even if dealing with python I think can be useful when working in business projects: pip install jsonschema2popo running following command will generate a python module containing json-schema defined classes (it uses jinja2 templating) Schemas can also be loaded directly from a JsonReader using Load (JsonReader). safe_load(path. In this article, we've learned how to read JSON files and parse such files using the read method of file objects, and the loads and load methods of the json module. Read json string files in pandas read_json(). May 15, 2019 · To convert CSV to JSON in Python, follow these steps: Initialize a Python List. import rapture. via builtin open function) or StringIO. Oct 25, 2021 · If I could loop the hasAttributes, I would have the dataFormat and name field I think to make the schema structure. All found schema files can be merged into a complete schema. Read JSON String from a TEXT file. Number. Decimal objects, complex numbers etc. 1. By default, this will accept instances of Python numbers. Jul 1, 2022 · You can create a schema for your json, then merge the schema with actual data, and then load the table based on the schema: one_df=pd. loads() reads from a string. schema > my-bq-table. I have a schema. In this post, you will learn how to do that with Python. The solution to this is to work with the data as a stream - reading part of the file, working with it, and then repeating. cloud import bigquery data = u'{"foo": "bar"}' data_as_file = io. json () method, however, we ignore this and read it as a text Jul 25, 2022 · Different languages and technologies can read and parse JSON files in different ways. The key must be a string, but the value can be any supported type, such as string, number and boolean, etc. orientstr, optional. load(file_object) Argument : It takes file object as a parameter. Sep 7, 2019 · import json with open ('schema. This module’s encoders and decoders preserve input and output order by default. The JSONLoader uses a specified jq Dec 2, 2019 · Here's how to convert a JSON file to Apache Parquet format, using Pandas in Python. Load a CSV file with autodetect schema; Load a DataFrame to BigQuery with pandas-gbq; Load a JSON file; Load a JSON file to replace a table; Load a JSON file with autodetect schema; Load a Parquet file; Load a Parquet to replace a table; Load a table in JSON format; Load an Avro file; Load an Avro file to replace a table; Load an ORC file; Load Dec 3, 2020 · I am attempting to load a JSON Object (stored in a . sql import functions as F # This one won't work for directly passing to from_json as it ignores top-level arrays in json strings # (if any)! # json_object_schema = spark_read_df. Jul 22, 2013 · I was copying the schema from the jsonschema python project---but this, it turned out, was not JSON, but a deceptively similar-looking python dictionary. Key features include: visual JSON schema creation using tree and ERD-like diagrams, support for JSON schema structures including operators and conditions, import of existing schemas from files, creation of detailed HTML reports, export to PDF, script generation, and more. What is the best most normal way to traverse a json to get to the fields I want? Jan 13, 2018 · You can use the below code in AWS Lambda to read the JSON file from the S3 bucket and process it using python. graphql files (with support for glob expression). schema is a library for validating Python data structures, such as those obtained from config-files, forms, external services or command-line parsing, converted from JSON/YAML (or something else) to Python data-types. You can do this for URLS, files, compressed files and anything that’s in json format. A JSON object contains data in the form of key/value pair. As a test, create a simple JSON file (you can get it on the internet), upload it to your S3 bucket, and try to read that. loads() to parse and validate JSON from a file. import json. from_json(jsondata,schema=schema) # write to XML ElementTree(xml). DictReader() function. json" with the actual file path. avsc file together and serialize the JSON file into Avro. df = pd. Be aware that the mere presence of these dependencies – or even the specification of format checks in a schema – do not activate format checks (as per the specification). Jun 28, 2024 · Steps to load and access data from a JSON file: Read the JSON file : Use open() to read the file content. json format. py -x PurchaseOrder. client('s3') def lambda_handler(event, context): bucket = 'my_project_bucket' key If you want to pass in a path object, pandas accepts any os. Note. fauxcsv Import the JSON and header as a "csv" into a temporary table with a column separator \t that won't occur 13. get_attribute (obj, attr, default) Defines how to pull values from an object to serialize. I need to use try-catch. X: #!/usr/bin/env python try: # For Python 3. JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), specified by RFC 7159 (which obsoletes RFC 4627) and by ECMA-404 , is a lightweight data interchange format inspired by JavaScript object literal syntax (although it is not a strict subset of Nov 10, 2021 · When you flatten a JSON into a CSV, you loose the information on the structure, and therefore to reverse it, you need a document that describes how the JSON should be built, which ideally would be the standardised JSON Schema. Jul 16, 2024 · To read data from a JSON file, use the read_json_auto function in the FROM clause of a query: SELECT * FROM read_json_auto('input. Feb 24, 2023 · How to Read a JSON File From the Web. Parses a JSON string and infers its schema in DDL format. json') answered Jul 27, 2021 at 9:13. cat <(echo '"line"') source. Changed in version 3. Convert each line into a dictionary. xml INFO - 2018-03-20 11:10:24 - Parsing XML Files. load(f) print(d) You were using the json. json"). We can read the DataFrame by passing the URL as a string into the Aug 31, 2018 · from dataclasses import dataclass from dataclasses_json import DataClassJsonMixin @dataclass class Person(DataClassJsonMixin): name: str lidatong = Person('lidatong') # A different example from Approach 1 above, but usage is the exact same assert Person. jsonStr should be well-formed with respect to schema and options. 'schema': schema, 'data': two, }), orient="table") Nov 23, 2015 · dictionnaire = yaml. JSON is an open standard file format and data interchange format that uses human-readable text to store and transmit data objects consisting of attribute–value pairs and arrays (or other serializable values). from pyspark. This module can thus also be used as a YAML serializer. items(): yield f'. In this section, we will see how to parse a JSON string from a text file and convert it to PySpark DataFrame columns using from_json() SQL built-in function. python xml_to_json. ' > source. Source code: Lib/json/__init__. I have a pretty simple json file that represents a network (see below). X and Python 3. two_df = pd. StructField('col2', IntegerType(), True), StructField('col3', IntegerType(), True)]) spark. {key}{p}' for p in get_paths(value)) elif isinstance(d, list): for i, value in enumerate(d): Jul 20, 2018 · I've created a python script to take a JSON file from a Google Cloud Storage bucket and load it into a dataset. If you need specific ordering you can provide schema manually: from pyspark. json_data = json. Its always a DataFrame. 19. This includes in particular int s and float s, along with decimal. It needs two attributes, schema_list and destination, respectively. Replace "json_file. Further data processing and analysis tasks can then be performed on the DataFrame. — JSON encoder and decoder. Please read the format validation documentation To work with a file of newline delimited JSON objects, including \n in the data. json', lines=True) And to convert it into a json array, you can use: df. Share Improve this answer They can be used when installing in order to include additional dependencies, e. . If there is any other method please help me with that. Jan 3, 2022 · A text file containing complete JSON objects, one per line. JSON with Python Pandas. Pass the referencing. The value can even be complex types like an array or nested object. read() since read() causes the file's index to reach the end of the file. The goal is to parse the json file and use the given schema to create Python Classes in models. When writing computer programs of even moderate complexity, it's commonly accepted that "structuring" the program into reusable functions is better than copying-and-pasting duplicate bits of code everywhere they are used. Mar 21, 2016 · So I was able to get the autogenerated schemawith the command: bq show --format prettyjson my-gcp-project:my-bq-table |jq . Dec 18, 2012 · However, if I save the same schema in a text file and read the text file, upon using json. a JSON string or a foldable string column containing a JSON string. New in version 2. Parse JSON data : Use json. In popular types of configuration files, PyCharm provides code completion, thanks to the JSON Schema, which is a special format for describing the structure and contents of such files. Each entry (key/value pair) is separated by a comma. If you prefer, you can specify the schema using a JSON schema file instead of using an inline schema definition. A JSON document can contain any number of key/value pairs. First iterate through the dynamic fields (notice that I project values of key3 as Map [String, String]) and add a StructField for each one of them to schema. loads(text) or remove the line. \. Jan 14, 2019 · 2) Generate schema dynamically. Step 3: Creating a JSON Schema. g. May 8, 2019 · Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers; Advertising & Talent Reach devs & technologists worldwide about your product, service or employer brand a modeling tool for JSON Schema and OpenAPI. load() takes a file object and returns the json object. json which holds the same data from earlier concerning the courses offered by freeCodeCamp. build_table_schema(one_df, index=False) import json. XMLSchema(sch) jsondata = json of the data to be converted to XML xml = xmlschema. load() reads from a file descriptor and json. ) GenSON’s core function is to take JSON objects and generate schemas that describe jsonStr: A STRING expression specifying a json document. 4. xml') jsonschema is an implementation of the JSON Schema specification for Python. Jan 14, 2016 · I've been experimenting with JSON Pointers to reference and reuse JSON schemas. To create a JSON schema in Python, you can define it as a Python dictionary. See full list on freecodecamp. Here’s an example of how to do this with Python. from google. In this section, we will cover the following: - The Mapping between JSON and Python entities while decoding; How to read JSON data from a file using json. Convert the Python List to JSON String using json. etree. Jun 28, 2021 · Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers; Advertising & Talent Reach devs & technologists worldwide about your product, service or employer brand 6 days ago · Python script to import JSON to BigQuery. validator. If you are coming from Java and need to create JSON objects in Python, you want Python’s builtin json library . 0: Passing json literal strings is deprecated. Examples: 3 days ago · JSON Loading. However, when I attempt to use the Schema to load the data I get the following error: Extending Recursive Schemas. Likewise in JSON Schema, for anything but the most trivial schema, it's really useful May 2, 2021 · Of course, you can wrap that last step in a function like and accept a root object string: def get_paths(d, root="obj"): def recur(d): if isinstance(d, dict): for key, value in d. The keys are strings and the values are the JSON types. 3 days ago · The JSON produced by this module’s default settings (in particular, the default separators value) is also a subset of YAML 1. If you want to read the whole file, you can use loader_cls params: from langchain. dumps (short for ‘dump to string’) to convert a Python object consisting of dictionaries , lists , and other native types into a string: For instance, JSON Schema defines a number type, which can be validated with a schema such as {"type": "number"}. df. xsd' schema = xmlschema. Following the examples, I'm able to reference a specific property declared in another JSON schema and everything goes as expected, but I haven't found a way to extend a base JSON schema with the definitions of another base schema without having to explicitly reference every single property. This is typical when you are loading JSON files to Databricks tables. loads('schema text read from file') it gives the error: No Json objects could be loaded. This method automatically infers the schema and creates a DataFrame from the JSON data. cloud import bigquery. Jul 26, 2019 · 28. See also: Reading JSON from a file. json file as dict() in a python code from VM instance stored in google cloud storage bucket. print "Failed to accept object". JSON Lines is a file format where each line is a valid JSON value. json'); To create a new table using the result from a query, use CREATE TABLE AS from a SELECT statement: CREATE TABLE new_tbl AS SELECT * FROM read_json_auto('input. py (or whichever file) automatically. It should check if all necessary fields are present in a json file and also validate the data types of those fields. Here's an example of a simple JSON schema: schema = {. json | jq -c '. I tried reading json file as blob: client = storage. Note that you may want to combine the external using one of the schema cominators oneOf, allOf, or anyOf to combine pyspark. 1 Kudo. Python provides The json. internal. First load the json data with Pandas read_json method, then it’s loaded into a Pandas DataFrame. Further, the methods that you tried should also work if the JSON format is valid. I have not implemented it yet, but it should be possible to give an existing JSON schema as basis, so that the existing JSON schema plus JSON data can generate an updated JSON schema. I have created both my class and my class schema. read_json('file. csv"). org These utils are useful for scanning, loading and building a GraphQL schema from any input. Syntax : json. document_loaders import DirectoryLoader, TextLoader. json', show_progress=True, loader_cls=TextLoader) Also, you can use JSONLoader with schema params like: While it is not explicitly stated it becomes obvious when you take a look a the examples provided in the JSON reader doctstring. If it works then your JSON file schema has to be checked. clients import bigquery. Here’s an example: import csv import json def I'm trying to read a . In this example, we have a JSON file called fcc. 0 and later from urllib. functions. You can get convert your table schema to json simply using the schema_to_json () method. Oct 8, 2019 · In the end I did the following and seems to do the job: import xmlschema from xml. I exemplified your case using a public dataset with nested data and used StringIO () just to show how the schema will be. tool module to validate JSON objects from the command line. The BigQuery API can be used with programs written in Python, Java, C, and other such languages. : $ pip install jsonschema'[format]'. nv er xo sz vq be rx kk nb ed